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A play calling system in American football is the specific language and methods used to call plays. Over the years, numerous different systems have existed to communicate, between coaches and players, exactly what the players are supposed to do on any given play. Such systems of play calling are distinguished from ''philosophies'' of play calling, which are primarily concerned with how the overall strategy of the game is managed, for example if a team is primarily concerned with running or passing, if a team plays fast or slow, what sorts of passes it throws, etc. Instead, the play calling system is primarily concerned with how plays themselves are actually communicated: how specific plays are named, how players can understand their roles based on the naming of the plays, how such plays are communicated to the players, etc. == Overview == A football play is a complex entity: during any one given play each of the eleven players on a team has a different, specific, scripted role to play. Each player needs to be able to perform his role well, but the entire team also needs to work together to make the play successful. There is always a balance to be made between clearly communicating the play to the players, but doing so quickly and efficiently enough to fit within the pace of the game, where a team has approximately 30 seconds or less from the end of one play to the start of the next to prepare. A play calling system takes into account all of the following concepts: *Who decides which play to run? In some systems, the decision for choosing the play is made by a coach on the sidelines. Depending on the team, this can be either the head coach, or an assistant known as the offensive coordinator. In other systems, the decision is made by the quarterback on the field, with little direct input from the coaches on each play. *How is the play relayed to the players on the field? In most systems, some form of a huddle is used to gather the players together. In the huddle, the quarterback is usually the player tasked with relaying the play (whether called by a coach on the sidelines or himself) to the other players. The quarterback himself gets the plays in a variety of ways: he may have a speaker in his helmet where a coach directly tells him which play to call. A player can be sent in from the sidelines as a substitute on each play, and he can tell the quarterback the called play. The play can also be communicated from the sidelines via hand signals or pictures. Increasingly, teams are also employing a form of offense called the no-huddle offense to speed the game up. In such systems, instead of meeting together in a huddle, the players assume their positions as quickly as possible, and get their assignments from their position rather than the huddle. In such cases, the players may receive their assignments from the quarterback or from the sideline directly. *What language is used to describe the plays? Language is the key distinction between play calling systems. Each play a team runs is usually assigned a name. Players are often expected to learn a team's entire playbook, and as the number of plays can often number in the hundreds, the language used to name each play can be an important mnemonic in a player understanding what his role in that play is. Depending on the system, plays may be identified by a complex language of numbers, letters, and other words that clearly explain what the role of each player is. For example, in one particular system a play may be called "896 H-Shallow F-Curl". The "896" refers to the routes that the three receivers (the split end, the tight end, and the flanker), are to run, with each digit referring to a specific route, while the "H-Shallow" and "F-Curl" refer to routes run by the halfback and fullback respectively. In other systems, instead of telling each individual player what they are supposed to do, an entire package of routes may be indicated by a single word like "Ghost" or "Tosser". The specific language used to communicate a play is not a trivial matter as complicated names make quick communication in the heat of a game difficult, while shorter, simpler names often require players to have more of the playbook memorized, which itself is not an easy task, coaches often have to strike between having a system where the name of a play contains enough information so each player knows what do to, but the longer the name of the play the greater the opportunity for miscommunication and misunderstanding. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Play calling system」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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